Methods and packaging for wet aging meat

ABSTRACT

Methods, packaging, and packets for wet aging meat are described herein. For example, in one or more embodiments of the present disclosure a package for wet aging meat includes a cut of meat having a fat layer portion and an edible meat portion, an adsorptive material to adsorb gases emitted from the cut of meat wherein the adsorptive material is positioned on the fat layer portion, a salt material positioned on the adsorptive material or on the fat layer portion with the adsorptive material, and wherein the cut of meat with the adsorptive material and salt material is sealed in a packaging material to form the package.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

To improve the tenderness and/or flavor of meat, such as beef, the meatcan be aged to allow endogenous proteolytic enzymes to weaken structuraland myofibrillar proteins. Typically meat is aged through refrigerationat temperatures just above freezing (e.g., 33-34 degrees Fahrenheit). Inthe aging process, a natural breakdown of the meat occurs during whichthe muscles at first shorten and stiffen but then become tenderer overtime. Chemical changes occurring in the muscle and fat during the agingprocess can result in meat that is desired because of flavor, aroma,and/or tenderness that develop. Meat can be aged by a wet aging or a dryaging process.

Wet aging of meat is faster and less expensive than dry aging. Wet aginggenerally includes vacuum packaging meat in a plastic material to sealthe meat so that moisture cannot escape from within the package and themeat is surrounded by and absorbs its juices. Wet aging, however, canproduce a distinctive taste.

Dry aging of meat, by contrast, is more time consuming than wet aging.Dry aging generally includes leaving the meat exposed to oxygen in acontrolled, cold environment, and allowing the meat to breathe. Due tothe exposure of the meat to oxygen, the outer portion of the meat canmold or harden and that portion of the meat can be trimmed. Further,over time, the meat can lose weight and shrink. For instance, prior toreaching the store that sells the meat to the consumer, the meat mayhave lost a third or more of its weight as moisture loss (e.g.,shrinkage).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a package for wet aging meat inaccordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 2A-2E illustrate examples of packaging including an adsorptivematerial, a salt, and wood paper in accordance with one or moreembodiments of present disclosure.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a packet containing an adsorptivematerial and a salt in accordance with one or more embodiments ofpresent disclosure.

FIG. 4 an example of a piece of wood paper in accordance with one ormore embodiments of present disclosure.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a package for wet aging meat havingadsorptive material, salt, and wood paper placed therein in accordancewith one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE

Methods, packaging, and packets for wet aging meat are described herein.For example, in one or more embodiments of the present disclosure apackage for wet aging meat can include a number of aging materials, suchas an adsorptive material and a salt applied on the fat layer of the cutof meat. The adsorptive material is used to collect gases emitted fromthe cut of meat. The salt acts as an aromatic, but also is used to pullmoisture from the cut of meat. The cut of meat with the appliedadsorptive material and salt can be hermetically sealed in a packagingmaterial (e.g., vacuum sealed in plastic material) wherein the wet agingprocess can be accomplished.

Dry aging of meat can be expensive and time consuming as compared to wetaging of meat. For instance, dry aging can include the use of largeamounts of space that is temperature controlled for 15-28 days orlonger. Further, the resulting cut of meat can lose a third or more ofits weight due to moisture loss during the dry aging process.

Wet aging can reduce the loss of meat volume and/or weight, time ofaging, and/or cost of aging; however, many consumers prefer the taste ofmeat that is dry aged compared to meat that is wet aged usingtraditional wet aging processes. For example, some consumers describewet aged meat as having a metallic taste.

By contrast, method and package embodiments of the present disclosurefor wet aging meat can include a wet aging process that results in lowershrinkage of the meat in volume and weight as compared to dry agingprocesses and a preferable taste as compared to prior wet aging and/ordry aging processes.

Typically, when a carcass of an animal, such as a cow is cut into parts,it is usually cut into primal cuts of meat, then into subprimal cuts,and finally into fabricated cuts that are sold to consumers. Meat istypically shipped and/or stored in either primal or subprimal cuts. Forwet aging processes, it is usually done on primal or subprimal cuts,where that cut still has a fat layer on it that will be removed to makefabricated cuts, such as steaks.

As used herein, when referring to the “meat” or “cut of meat” below, itis meant to refer to a primal or subprimal cut that is to be aged andstill includes a fat layer thereon. Also, as used herein, when referringto “meat” or “cut of meat”, the cut has two parts, a fat layer portionand an edible meat portion. The edible meat portion is that portion ofthe cut that remains when the fat layer is removed. However, both thefat layer portion and the edible meat portion are edible.

A fat layer of the cut of meat, as used herein, can include a layer ofsubstantially solid lipid material derived from the animal (e.g., a cow)that is the source of the meat.

Thereby, the fat layer can be naturally occurring fat that is on themeat when the animal is butchered.

As discussed herein, in various embodiments, a package can be formedhaving certain aging materials therein to wet age the meat. In variousembodiments, the package can include an adsorptive material and a saltmaterial. The adsorptive material can, for example, be applied directlyto a fat layer portion of the cut of meat and the salt can be applied ontop of the adsorptive material.

Alternatively, the adsorptive material and salt can be contained in oneor more packets (either in separate packets or together in a packet)(e.g., formed from a gas/liquid permeable material, such as cheeseclothpacket) that can be applied directly on the fat layer portion ofthe cut of meat. The cut of meat with one or more packets of theadsorptive material and the salt can be sealed (e.g., hermeticallysealed) within the package for wet aging the cut of meat. In variousembodiments, a piece of wood paper can be applied on top of the one ormore packets and sealed with the cut of meat inside the package.

The adsorptive material can, for instance, collect gases emitted fromthe cut of meat as it wet ages but does not absorb moisture from the cutof meat. Since the salt is not in direct contact with the cut of meat,some moisture can be pulled out of the meat by the salt (e.g., byosmosis), but not through the entire cut of meat such as with a marinadeor curing process.

In various embodiments, a piece of wood paper can be included in theaging materials. The wood paper can be beneficial in several ways. Forexample, as will be discussed in more detail below, the wood paper canbe used: to assist with holding the one or more packets in place, as anaromatic, and/or as a desiccant, among other benefits. Further, bysealing the meat with the adsorptive material, salt, and piece of woodpaper to form the package, the wet aging process can occur duringtransit of the meat from various locations (e.g., along the supplychain) as tight vacuum type sealing of the package can keep the woodpaper pressed against the adsorptive material and salt to keep it inplace against the layer of fat.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a package for wet aging meat inaccordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. Apackage, as used herein, is an enclosure for the wet aging of meat.Example types of meat that could be suitable for use with this processinclude: beef, venison, bison, elk, lamb, veal, pork, poultry, and/orseafood, among other meats.

In various embodiments, such as that illustrated in FIG. 1, the package100 can include one or more packets 112 applied on a fat layer portion104 of the cut of meat. For purposes of showing possible positioning ofthe packets on the surface of a fat layer portion 104 of a cut of meat,FIG. 1 shows two packets on the outside of the packaging material 106.However, this is only provided in the figure for illustration purposeand it should be noted by the reader that it is intended that thesepackets be positioned inside the packaging material when practicing theembodiments of the present disclosure (as discussed with respect toFIGS. 2C and 2D).

The one or more packets can be applied to the outer surface of the fatlayer of the cut of meat (the inner surface is adjacent to the ediblemeat portion 102 of the cut of meat) and will not touch any of theedible meat portion 102 of the cut of meat. The one or more packets 112can be made from a gas/liquid permeable material to allow gases withinthe package 100 to be collected by the adsorptive material and allowsome interaction with the salt therein.

A suitable packet size can be, for example, a 3 ½ inch square packet,however, any suitable sized packet may be used. For example, the packetmay be sized to span the typical size of the cut of meat being packaged(e.g., 5″×10″). In some embodiments, it may be preferable to leave anarea around the edges (an inch border around the surface of the fatlayer portion 104) of the meat free of aging materials. This can bebeneficial in keeping the materials from touching the edible meatportion 102.

As discussed above, the one or more packets 112 can contain anadsorptive material 108 and a salt material 110. In various embodiments,the mixture of the adsorptive material and the salt material in thepacket 112 can include an equal composition of the adsorptive materialand the salt material (e.g., a 50/50 mixture), for example. A 50/50mixture can be beneficial in some embodiments to blend the effects tothe adsorptive material and the salt material with respect to the agingof the cut of meat.

The adsorptive material, as used herein, can include a substrate and/ora mixture that can adsorb gases emitted from the meat without absorbingmoisture from the meat. For instance, the adsorptive material caninclude an active charcoal. The adsorptive material (e.g., activecharcoal) can, for example, include small pores that increase thesurface area and allow the charcoal to collect more gases as the meatages than other types of charcoal, although the present disclosure isnot limited to activated charcoal.

Further, it is believed that the adsorptive material 108 on the fatlayer portion 104 (e.g., directly on the fat layer portion 104 or in thepacket 112 on the fat layer portion 104) can create small pores (e.g.,openings) on the fat layer portion 104 of the cut of meat. The porescreated on the fat layer portion 104 can allow the salt material 110 topull some moisture from the cut of meat, but not through the entire cutof meat such as with a marinade or curing process.

An example of an active charcoal can include a derivative of coconutshells, among other forms of carbon. The active charcoal can come invarious form factors. For example, the active charcoal can be providedas a coarse grain charcoal. The gases adsorbed can include gasesreleased from the meat during an aging process, for example.

In various embodiments, the adsorptive material 108 can include amixture of active charcoal and sea salt. The mixture of active charcoaland sea salt can, for example, be used to neutralize the active charcoal(e.g., prevent the active charcoal from being overpowering with respectto the effects of the salt material). In some embodiments, this mix ofactive charcoal and sea salt can be provided with a separate amount ofsalt (e.g., 50% active charcoal and sea salt and 50% alder wood salt, asdiscussed below).

The salt, as used herein, can be any suitable type of salt for providingthe benefits discussed herein (e.g., acts as an aromatic, pulling somemoisture from the cut of meat, providing some flavoring attributes). Anexample salt type can include an alder wood salt (e.g., a salt smokedwith alder wood). Although examples in accordance with the presentdisclosure are not so limited and can include any suitable type of salt.

It is believed that the salt material 110 can pull moisture out of thecut of meat and inhibit growth of microorganisms by drawing water out ofmicrobial cells through osmosis. By applying the salt material 110 andthe adsorptive material 108 directly to the fat layer portion 104 and/orin the one or more packets 112 applied directly to the fat layer portion104, moisture is pulled by the salt material 110 (e.g., through thepores on the fat layer 104 that are believed to be created by theadsorptive material 108) and held into place inside the fat layerportion 104.

Locating the packet on the fat layer portion 104 of the cut of meat can,for instance, allow for other benefits of the use of salt. For example,applying the salt material (or a packet containing salt material)directly to the edible meat portion 102 of the cut of meat can result ina curing or marinating effect on the cut of meat, which would not beconducive to the aging process.

Applying the one or more packets and/or mixture directly on the fatlayer portion 104 and sealing the cut of meat with the one or morepackets 112 and/or mixture for 20-30 days can result in moisture lossfrom the cut of meat that is less than 2 percent of weight of the meat.By contrast, dry aging processes can result in a third or more of weightloss of the meat (e.g., shrinkage). Further, the moisture lost from themeat is still within the package 100 due to the sealing of the contents(as further discussed herein). And, as discussed herein, gases from theaging meat can be adsorbed by the adsorptive material.

As illustrated by FIG. 1, in a number of embodiments, a piece of woodpaper (it could also be multiple pieces in some embodiments) 114 can beapplied on top of the one or more packets 112 that are applied on thefat layer portion 104 of the cut of meat. That is, the piece of woodpaper can be located on the one or more packets that are located on thefat layer portion 104 of the cut of meat.

As used herein, “wood paper” is a thinly sliced piece of wood (e.g., athickness of 0.1 mm to 1 mm, for example). The piece of wood paper canbe made from various wood types, such as a cedar paper, alder woodpaper, hickory paper, oak paper, birch paper, and/or other wood types.The piece of wood paper can provide a number of benefits as discussedabove, for example, to hold the packet in place, act as an aromatic,and/or act as a desiccant.

As discussed above, the cut of meat, with the one or more packets 112and wood paper 114, can be sealed (e.g., hermetically sealed) inpackaging material 106 to form the package 100 for wet aging the meat.For instance, the cut of meat and the one or more packets 112 can besealed in a packaging material 106 that is substantially impermeable toair and microorganisms.

The packaging material 106 can include, for instance, a plasticmaterial, although embodiments in accordance with the present disclosureare not so limited and packaging material can include any suitablematerial. Suitable materials include, for example, polyethylene,polypropylene, polyvinylchloride, polyester, polyamide,polyvinylidenchloride, ethylenvinyl alcohol, among others.

The packaging material can be formed such that it can be vacuum sealedto enclose the cut of meat, adsorptive material, salt material, and woodpaper therein to form the package. The package can be transported from adistributor and/or other provider to a final sales location. A finalsales location, as used herein, can include a store that is selling to aconsumer, such as a grocery store, a butcher, a restaurant, and/or acaterer, among other locations.

As an example, the distributor can cut a carcass into primal orsubprimal cuts of meat. The primal or subprimal cuts of meat (e.g.,within 24 hours to a few days) can have one or more packets (or theadsorptive material and salt material applied directly to the fat layerportion, as further described herein in connection with FIGS. 2A and 5)applied on the fat layer portion of the cut of meat, wood paper appliedon the top of the one or more packets, and the cut of meat with thepacket can be sealed to form the package. The distributor can transportpackages of meat to final sales locations upon request by the finalsales locations. Once a package reaches a final sales location, the cutof meat can be removed from the package and can be processed for sale toa consumer. For instance, the fat layer portion can be cut off and/orthe cut of meat can be further processed (cut into smaller cuts,weighed, packaged, labeled, etc.)

FIGS. 2A-2E illustrate examples of packaging including an adsorptivematerial, a salt, and wood paper in accordance with one or moreembodiments of present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 2A show cut ofmeat that has been prepared with aging materials thereon to be agedaccording to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

In FIG. 2A, the cut of meat has an edible meat portion 202 and a fatlayer portion 204. In this embodiment, the adsorption material 208 isplaced directly onto the outer surface of the fat layer 204. A saltmaterial 210 is placed on the adsorption material 208.

FIG. 2B includes the same elements of FIG. 2A. However, FIG. 2Badditionally includes a wood paper layer (can be of one or multiplepieces of wood paper) 214 placed on the salt material 210.

FIG. 2C includes the same elements of FIG. 2B. However, FIG. 2Cadditionally includes packaging material 206 that surrounds the ediblemeat portion 202 and a fat layer portion 204, and the aging materials:the adsorption material 208, the salt material 210, and the wood paperlayer 214. In such embodiments, the package material 206 is sealed onall sides during the aging process such that gases and fluids cannotescape from the package 200.

FIG. 2D includes the same elements of FIG. 2C. However, FIG. 2Dadditionally includes a packet 212 that contains both the adsorptionmaterial 208 and the salt material 210. In such an embodiment, the twomaterials may co-mingle within the packet 212. In such embodiments, thepacket 212 is sealed on all sides such that the materials inside cannotfall out, however, the packet 212 is made from a gas/liquid permeablematerial and therefore, the materials 208 and 210 can interact withgases and liquids within the package 200.

FIG. 2E includes the same elements of FIG. 2C. However, FIG. 2Dadditionally includes a first packet 212-1 that contains the saltmaterial 210 and a second packet 212-2 that contains the adsorptionmaterial 208. In such an embodiment, the two materials will be separatefrom the other. In such embodiments, each packet is sealed on all sidessuch that the material inside cannot fall out, however, each packet ismade from a gas/liquid permeable material and therefore, the materials208 and 210 can interact with gases and liquids within the package 200.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a packet containing an adsorptivematerial and a salt material in accordance with one or more embodimentsof present disclosure. As previously discussed, the packet 312 caninclude a mixture of an adsorptive material and a salt material. Themixture can include an equal composition of the adsorptive material andthe salt material.

The packet 312, in a number of embodiments, can be pre-scaled. That is,the amount of the adsorptive material and the salt material can includea pre-measured amount of the adsorptive material and the salt material.

By pre-scaling the packet 312, an appropriate amount of packets and/orwood paper can be applied on a cut of meat. For instance, a plurality ofpackets or larger packets of adsorption material and/or salt materialcan be applied on top of a fat layer portion of a cut of meat based anumber of factors.

For example, some factors include the cut of meat, the type of meat(beef, lamb, etc.), length of aging desired, and/or weight of the cut ofmeat. For instance, a particular cut of meat can have two packetsapplied on the surface of the fat layer portion of the cut of meat basedon the weight and a piece of wood paper can be applied on each of thetwo packets (for a total of two pieces of wood paper).

In various embodiments, different cuts of meat may have a differentamount of the adsorptive material/salt material applied. For instance, apackage for a strip steak may include a volume of 99.6 percent of meat,0.17 percent of adsorptive material, and 0.17 percent of salt material.

By contrast, a package for ribs, which have a higher surface area thanthe strip steak, may include a volume of 99.43 percent of meat, 0.29percent of adsorptive material, and 0.29 percent of salt material.Although embodiments in accordance with the present disclosure are notlimited to the particular volume values, the values are provided forillustrative purposes only and embodiments in accordance with thepresent disclosure can include any suitable volume values.

One possible benefit of using embodiments having a packet is that byusing a packet that contains the adsorptive material and the saltmaterial, as compared to applying the adsorptive material and saltmaterial to the fat layer portion (e.g., discussed further in connectionwith FIG. 5), a provider of the meat may not have to declare thecontents of the packet to consumers. For instance, as the adsorptivematerial and salt material are contained in the packet 312, thematerials do not contact the cut of meat. As such, the adsorptivematerial and salt material can be removed prior to reaching theconsumer(s) that may consume the meat.

FIG. 4 an example of a piece of wood paper in accordance with one ormore embodiments of present disclosure. As previously discussed, thepiece of wood paper 414 can be applied on one or more of the packetsthat are applied to the fat layer portion of the meat.

The piece of wood paper 414 can, for example, hold the packet in place,can act as an aromatic, and/or can act as a desiccant. As used herein,an “aromatic” is a material that is added to the package or agingmaterials to enhance the natural flavors within a cut of meat. As usedherein, the term “desiccant” refers to a material that absorbs water.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a package for wet aging meat inaccordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. Invarious embodiments, the adsorptive material can be applied directly tothe fat layer portion 504 of the cut of meat. In such embodiments, thesalt material can be applied on the adsorptive material. The fat layerportion 504 can, for instance, prevent the adsorptive material and thesalt material from directly contacting the edible meat portion 502 ofthe cut of meat. And, as previously discussed, in some embodiments, oneor more pieces of wood paper 514 can be applied on the adsorptivematerial and the salt material. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 5, theadsorptive material and the salt material are positioned under the woodpaper 514, such that they cannot be seen in the figure. In variousembodiments, the adsorptive material can be located on the fat layerportion 504 of the cut of meat, the salt material can be located on theadsorptive material, and/or the piece of wood paper can located on thesalt material.

The cut of meat (i.e., the edible meat portion 502 and the fat layerportion 504) with the adsorptive material and the salt material, and insome embodiments the wood paper 514, can be hermetically sealed inpackaging material 506 to form a package, such as the package 500 shownin FIG. 5. Hermetically sealed, in some embodiments, can include vacuumsealing the meat with the adsorptive material, salt material, and woodpaper in a packaging material.

The package 500 formed, as illustrated by FIGS. 1 and 5, can be storedfor a period of time. For instance, the storage can include leaving thecut of meat with the adsorptive material, salt material (e.g., one ormore packets), and/or one or more pieces of wood paper sealed in thepackaging material 506 for the period of time. An example period of timecan include 7-30 days. If properly maintained at a suitable temperature(e.g., 33 degrees Fahrenheit) meat can wet age while sealed in thepackaging material 506.

By wet aging the meat in a package 500 that includes the cut of meatsealed with an adsorptive material, salt material, and/or wood paper,the meat can age in a shorter amount of time, in a smaller area, andwith less shrinkage than dry aging processes. Wet aging in the package,in accordance with the present disclosure, can result in shrinkage of 2percent of weight or less of the meat, in some embodiments. Further, themeat can wet age during transportation of the meat from distributor to afinal sales location (e.g., a store) as the various aging materials areheld in position by the packing material.

Although specific embodiments have been illustrated and describedherein, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that anyarrangement calculated to achieve the same techniques can be substitutedfor the specific embodiments shown. This disclosure is intended to coverany and all adaptations or variations of various embodiments of thedisclosure.

It is to be understood that the above description has been made in anillustrative fashion, and not a restrictive one. Combination of theabove embodiments, and other embodiments not specifically describedherein will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing theabove description.

The scope of the various embodiments of the disclosure includes anyother applications in which the above structures and methods are used.Therefore, the scope of various embodiments of the disclosure should bedetermined with reference to the appended claims, along with the fullrange of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.

In the foregoing Detailed Description, various features are groupedtogether in example embodiments illustrated in the figures for thepurpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is notto be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the embodiments of thedisclosure require more features than are expressly recited in eachclaim.

Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter liesin less than all features of a single disclosed embodiment. Thus, thefollowing claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description,with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment.

What is claimed:
 1. A package for wet aging meat, comprising: a cut ofmeat having a fat layer portion and an edible meat portion; anadsorptive material to adsorb gases emitted from the cut of meat whereinthe adsorptive material is positioned on the fat layer portion; and asalt material positioned on the adsorptive material or on the fat layerportion with the adsorptive material; and wherein the cut of meat withthe adsorptive material and salt material is sealed in a packagingmaterial to form the package.
 2. The package of claim 1, wherein theadsorptive material includes a mixture of active charcoal and sea salt.3. The package of claim 1, wherein the salt material includes an alderwood salt.
 4. The package of claim 1, further including one or morepieces of wood paper located on at least one of the adsorptive materialand the salt material.
 5. The packet of claim 5, wherein the adsorptivematerial is located on the fat layer portion of the cut of meat, thesalt material is located on the adsorptive material, and the one or morepieces of wood paper are located on the salt material.
 6. The package ofclaim 1, wherein the adsorptive material and the salt material arecontained in one or more packets that are located on the fat layerportion of the cut of meat.
 7. The package of claim 6, wherein the oneor more packets include a 50/50 mixture of the adsorptive material andthe salt material.
 8. The package of claim 6, wherein a piece of woodpaper is located on each of the one or more packets.
 9. The package ofclaim 6, wherein the one or more packets include at least a first packetthat contains the salt material and a second packet that contains theadsorptive material.
 10. The package of claim 6, wherein the one or morepackets are made from a gas/liquid permeable material.
 11. A method forwet aging meat, comprising: applying a packet directly on a fat layerportion of a cut of meat, the packet containing an equal composition ofan adsorptive material and a salt material; applying one or more piecesof wood paper on the at least one of the one or more packets applied onthe fat layer portion of the cut of meat; and sealing the cut of meatwith the one or more packets and the one or more pieces of wood paper ina packaging material.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein sealing thecut of meat includes hermetically sealing the cut of meat with the oneor more packets and the one or more pieces of wood paper in thepackaging material to form a package.
 13. The method of claim 11,including storing the cut of meat with the one or more packets and theone or more pieces of wood paper sealed in the packaging material for aperiod of time.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the period of timeincludes 20-30 days.
 15. The method of claim 11, including applying theone or more packets to the cut of meat based on at least one of the cutof meat, a type of meat, a length of aging, and a weight of the cut ofmeat.
 16. A packet for wet aging meat, comprising: a gas and fluidpermeable outer surface having an encapsulated cavity therein; and anadsorptive material within the cavity to adsorb gases emitted from a cutof meat.
 17. The packet of claim 16, wherein the adsorptive materialincludes a mixture of active charcoal and sea salt.
 18. The packet ofclaim 16, wherein the packet further includes a salt material within thecavity.
 19. The packet of claim 18, wherein the salt material includesan alder wood salt.
 20. The packet of claim 19, wherein the adsorptivematerial includes a mixture of active charcoal and sea salt.